白色至淡黄色粉末,稍有果胶特有香气,味微甜且略带酸味。相对密度约为0.7,无固定熔点。能溶于水,不溶于乙醇和其他有机溶剂。水溶液呈酸性,溶于20倍的水成黏稠状液体。高甲氧基果胶(甲氧基含量7%~14%)的溶液在含糖量高于55%、pH值为2.6~3.4条件下方可形成胶冻。
一般从柑橘皮、苹果皮、葡萄皮、蚕砂和甜菜渣等植物细胞中用酸解法、酶解法和离子交换法提取。
用作增稠剂及乳化稳定剂。我国规定可用于各类食品,按生产需要适量使用。
中文名 | 果胶 |
英文名 | pectin |
别名 | 果胶 黏胶质 植物性黏液质 果胶 来源于苹果 果胶(高酯快凝)食品级 聚-D-半乳糖醛酸甲酯 PECTIN 来源于橘皮 PECTIN 果胶 (来源柑橘) |
英文别名 | pectin pentose 9000-69-5 APPLE PECTIN APPLE PECTIN, USP Polyhalactyronic acid APPLE PECTIN, FOOD GRADE PECTIN, CITRUS USP SLOW SET 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxypentanal APPLE PECTIN FOOD GRADE - SPECIAL POLYGALACTURONIC ACID METHYL ESTER POLY-D-GALACTURONIC ACID METHYL ESTER |
CAS | 9000-69-5 |
EINECS | 232-553-0 |
化学式 | C6H12O6 |
分子量 | 150.13 |
InChI | InChI=1/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2 |
密度 | 1.508g/cm3 |
熔点 | 174-180 °C (decomp) |
沸点 | 415.5°C at 760 mmHg |
闪点 | 219.2°C |
水溶性 | It is soluble in water. |
蒸汽压 | 1.22E-08mmHg at 25°C |
溶解度 | H2O: 可溶解0.02g/10 ml,澄清至朦胧,无色至极微黄色 |
折射率 | 1.543 |
存储条件 | room temp |
外观 | 粉末 |
颜色 | Yellow to Pale Brown |
Merck | 14,7063 |
物化性质 | 白色或带黄色或浅灰色,或浅棕色粗至细粉。几无臭,口感粘滑。溶于20倍,形成乳白色粘稠状胶态溶液,呈弱酸性。耐热性强。几乎不溶于乙醇及其他有机溶剂。用乙醇、甘油、砂糖糖浆湿润,或与3倍以上的砂糖混合可提高溶解性。在酸性溶液中比在碱性溶液中稳定。通常按酯化度分类。甲氧基含量≥7% (酯化度42.9%)者称为高酯果胶。甲氧基含量≤7%者称为低酯果胶。高酯果胶水溶液在可溶性糖(如蔗糖)含量≥60%,pH值在2.6~3.4范围能形成非可逆性凝胶,胶凝能力随甲氧基含量而增大。其羧基的主要部分为甲酯形式,使用性能随酯化度和聚合度而异。低酯果胶中,一部分甲酯转变成伯酰胺。不受糖、酸含量的影响,但须与Ca2+、Mg2+等二价金属离子交联才能形成凝胶(因热、搅拌而可逆)。广泛存在于水果、蔬菜(芜菁、胡萝卜)等植物体的细胞壁内,柑橘类果皮中含量较高。 |
MDL号 | MFCD00081838 |
安全术语 | 24/25 - 避免与皮肤和眼睛接触。 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | RX4280000 |
TSCA | Yes |
海关编号 | 13022000 |
上游原料 | 异丙醇 果胶酶 |
下游产品 | 甘露醇 利血平 罗望子胶 藻蓝色素 西红花苷 果胶分解物 花生衣红 |
参考资料 展开查看 | 1. 李洁 郑诗钰 叶妍琦 等. Ca2+处理对低甲氧基果胶/壳聚糖复合膜结构与性能的影响研究[J]. 胶体与聚合物 2019(3):105-108. 2. 黄丹梅 宋育阳 刘延琳 等. 产果胶酶黑曲霉的UV诱变及基于葡萄皮渣的固态发酵[J]. 食品工业科技 2017(17):125-129. 3. 李洁 郑诗钰 张美清 等. 低甲氧基果胶/壳聚糖复合膜的制备及特性研究[J]. 食品科学技术学报 2019 037(005):P.77-82. 4. 华河, 孙健, 肖静,等. 底物印迹技术对双重固定化果胶酶的影响[J]. 食品科技, 2017(7):253-257. 5. 周宇, 何媛, 周文俊. 果胶对钯的吸附及其在有机合成中的应用[J]. 应用化学, 2015, 32(12):1402-1409. 6. 曹传爱, 吴鑫本, 贾惜文,等. 热变性乳清浓缩蛋白与高甲氧基果胶混合体系相分离行为的研究[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2018, v.39;No.330(05):12-18. 7. 高婧斐,汪志辉,熊博,石冬冬,张婷婷,曾海琼,廖玲,曹淑燕,古咸杰,李清南.细胞壁组分及酶活性与清见果实囊衣绵韧的相关性[J].食品科学,2015,36(23):131-135. 8. 董琦,徐威,张碟,蔡杰,程水源,胡中泽,丁文平,祝振洲,于添,邓绍南.负载硒蛋白果胶微凝胶的制备、结构表征及体外消化特性研究[J].食品工业科技,2020,41(08):37-42. 9. 吴剑夫, 程安玮, 孙金月,等. 超声波辅助提取秋葵果胶工艺优化及理化性质分析[J]. 核农学报, 2018. 10. 郑诗钰, 李洁, 张美清,等. 钛酸纳米管增强低甲氧基果胶/壳聚糖复合膜的性能[J]. 食品工业, 2020, v.41;No.281(02):170-174. 11. 石勇军, 费鹏. 钛酸纳米管改性高甲氧基果胶/壳聚糖复合膜性能的研究[J]. 胶体与聚合物, 2019(2):51-54. 12. 谌素华, 彭伟醒. 鲜切火龙果涂膜保鲜技术研究[J]. 农产品加工, 2018, 469(23):7-11. 13. 任文博. 柑橘内源活性成分(果胶、精油、黄酮)组装体系的构建与性能研究[D].中国农业科学院,2020. 14. 苏东林,李培骏,张丽萍,袁洪燕,朱玲风,谢秋涛,潘蒋娟,刘伟,朱向荣,张菊华,李高阳,单杨.柑橘果胶高效提取及其酰胺化改性制备[J].中国食品学报,2020,20(10):84-95. 15. 宋菲红,蒋玉梅,盛文军,李霁昕,姚静,孙永蓉,高雨寒,韩舜愈.苹果沙棘复合果泥配方优化及品质分析[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(06):184-194. 16. Ren, Jing-Nan, et al. "Extraction of orange pectin based on the interaction between sodium caseinate and pectin." Food chemistry 283 (2019): 265-274.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.046 17. Wang, Qiang, et al. "Improving stability and accessibility of quercetin in olive oil-in-soy protein isolate/pectin stabilized O/W emulsion." Foods 9.2 (2020): 123.https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020123 18. Jingxuan Ke, Guangyang Jiang, Guanghui Shen, Hejun Wu, Yuntao Liu, Zhiqing Zhang, Optimization, characterization and rheological behavior study of pectin extracted from chayote (Sechium edule) using ultrasound assisted method, International Journal of Biol 19. Zhao, Yue, et al. "Effect of anionic polysaccharides on conformational changes and antioxidant properties of protein-polyphenol binary covalently-linked complexes." Process Biochemistry 89 (2020): 89-97.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.021 20. Yang, Rui, et al. "Fabrication and characterization of ferritin–chitosan–lutein shell–core nanocomposites and lutein stability and release evaluation in vitro." RSC advances 6.42 (2016): 35267-35279.https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA04058F 21. Mei, X., Yang, M., Zhu, L., Zhou, Q., Li, X., Chen, Z., & Zou, C. (2020). Retinal levels of amyloid beta correlate with cerebral levels of amyloid beta in young APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice before onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 2020. 22. [IF=7.514] Kai Hu et al."Phytochemical profiling of the ripening of Chinese mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars by real-time monitoring using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and its potential benefits as prebiotic ingredients."Food Chem. 2018 Aug;256:171 23. [IF=3.361] Rui Yang et al."Fabrication and characterization of ferritin–chitosan–lutein shell–core nanocomposites and lutein stability and release evaluation in vitro."Rsc Adv. 2016 Apr;6(42):35267-35279 24. [IF=6.953] Jingxuan Ke et al."Optimization, characterization and rheological behavior study of pectin extracted from chayote (Sechium edule) using ultrasound assisted method."Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Mar;147:688 25. [IF=6.953] Chuanai Cao et al."Physical properties and stability of filled hydrogel particles based on biopolymer phase separation: Influence of the ratio of protein to polysaccharide."Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Jan;142:803 26. [IF=6.953] Chuanai Cao et al."Transglutaminase crosslinking promotes physical and oxidative stability of filled hydrogel particles based on biopolymer phase separation."Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Mar;172:429 27. [IF=6.429] Yanqi Ye et al."Hydrophobic edible composite packaging membrane based on low-methoxyl pectin/chitosan: Effects of lotus leaf cutin."Food Packaging Shelf. 2020 Dec;26:100592 28. [IF=5.354] Ru-Meng Huang et al."Enhanced survival of probiotics in the electrosprayed microcapsule by addition of fish oil."J Food Eng. 2021 Oct;307:110650 29. [IF=4.952] Wenwen Wang et al."Effect of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions on microbiological safety and quality properties of chicken breast fillets during refrigerated storage."Lwt Food Sci Technol. 2021 Dec;152:112376 30. [IF=4.952] Ye-Tong Yao et al."Emulsifying properties of Chinese quince seed gum in oil-in-water emulsions."Lwt Food Sci Technol. 2021 Jul;147:111560 31. [IF=4.411] Qingtong Xie et al."Effect of Curcumin Addition on the Properties of Biodegradable Pectin/Chitosan Films."Molecules. 2021 Jan;26(8):2152 32. [IF=4.35] Wenhui Li et al."Characterization of Cationic Modified Short Linear Glucan and Fabrication of Complex Nanoparticles with Low and High Methoxy Pectin."Foods. 2021 Oct;10(10):2509 33. [IF=4.35] Chuanai Cao et al."Effects of Sodium Chloride on the Physical and Oxidative Stability of Filled Hydrogel Particles Fabricated with Phase Separation Behavior."Foods. 2021 May;10(5):1027 34. [IF=3.757] Yue Zhao et al."Effect of anionic polysaccharides on conformational changes and antioxidant properties of protein-polyphenol binary covalently-linked complexes."Process Biochem. 2020 Feb;89:89 35. [IF=2.19] Ji-Min Lv et al."Properties of epsilon-polylysine·HCl/high-methoxyl pectin polyelectrolyte complexes and their commercial application."J Food Process Pres. 2020 Feb;44(2):e14320 36. [IF=5.354] Anlei Ge et al.Alteration in rheology and microstructure of O/W emulsions using controlled soy protein isolate-polysaccharide aggregation in aqueous phases.J Food Eng. 2022 Mar;317:110872 37. [IF=7.514] Xingyun Yuan et al."A combined approach using slightly acidic electrolyzed water spraying and chitosan and pectin coating on the quality of the egg cuticle, prevention of bacterial invasion, and extension of shelf life of eggs during storage."FOOD CHEMISTR |
白色至淡黄色粉末,稍有果胶特有香气,味微甜且略带酸味。相对密度约为0.7,无固定熔点。能溶于水,不溶于乙醇和其他有机溶剂。水溶液呈酸性,溶于20倍的水成黏稠状液体。高甲氧基果胶(甲氧基含量7%~14%)的溶液在含糖量高于55%、pH值为2.6~3.4条件下方可形成胶冻。
一般从柑橘皮、苹果皮、葡萄皮、蚕砂和甜菜渣等植物细胞中用酸解法、酶解法和离子交换法提取。
本品系从柑橘皮或苹果渣中提取得到的碳水化合物。按干燥品计算,含甲氧基(一OCH3) 不得少于6 .7% ,含半乳糖醛酸(C6H1Q0 7)不得少于74.0%。
本品为白色至浅黄色的颗粒或粉末。
用作增稠剂及乳化稳定剂。我国规定可用于各类食品,按生产需要适量使用。
取本品l_ 0 g,置500ml烧瓶中,加乙醇3〜5ml润湿,立即加水100ml,振摇至完全溶解,加盐酸乙醇溶液100ml(取盐酸0.3ml,加乙醇100ml,即得)混匀,立即滤过,取滤液25ml置巳干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中,水浴蒸干,取残渣在50°C真空干燥2 小时,遗留的残渣不得过20mg。
取本品,在1 0 5 1下干燥3 小时,减失重量不得过10.0%(通则0831) 。
取本品2.0g,依法检查(通则0821第二法),含重金属不得过百万分之十。
取本品0. 5 g ,加盐酸5m l与水23ml,依法检查(通则0822第一法),应符合规定(0.0003% )。
取本品约5.0g,精密称定,置烧杯中,加60%乙醇-盐酸(20 : l)1 5 0 tn l,搅拌10分钟,转移至恒重的滤器(30〜60ml的垂熔坩埚或布氏漏斗)中,用上述溶液洗涤6 次,每次15ml,继续用60% 乙醇洗至滤液不显氯化物反应,再加乙醇20ml洗涤,残渣在105T:干燥1小时,放冷,称重。精密称取干燥残渣的1 /1 0重量,置250ml锥形瓶中,加乙醇2m l润湿,加新沸的冷水100ml ,振摇至全部溶解,加酚酞指示液5 滴,用氢氧化钠滴定液(0 .5m o l/L )滴定,消耗滴定液体积为V , 。再加氢氧化钠滴定液(0. 5mol/L)20. 0ml,剧烈振摇,放置1 5分钟,加盐酸滴定液(0. 5m o l/L )2 0 .0m l,振摇至粉红色消失,加酚酞指示液,用氢氧化钠滴定液(0. 5mol/L)滴定至溶液微显粉红色,记录体积为V2。每lm l的氢氧化钠滴定液(0. 5mol/L)(即第二次消耗滴定液的体积V 2 ) 相当于15. 5 2 m g 的—o c h 3。
每lml的氢氧化钠滴定液(0. 5mol/L) (即总消耗滴定液的体积,K e = K + V2 ) 相当于9 7 . 0 7m g的 CsH 10O7。
药用辅料,增稠剂和释放阻滞剂等。
密封保存。
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